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Which of the below is the best definition for the term circulation?

A. The transport of oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues via the cardiovascular system

B. The force exerted by blood against a unit area of the blood vessel walls

C. The branching air passageways inside the lungs

D. The process of breathing in

Answer Explanation:

Circulation is transporting oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues via the cardiovascular system. Choice B refers to blood pressure. Bronchi are the branching airways inside the lungs, while inhalation refers to the process of breathing in.

Therefore, the Correct Answer is A.

Q #1: Which of the following are formed when the plasma membrane surrounds a particle outside of the cell?

A. Golgi bodies

B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

C. Secretory vesicles

D. Endocytic vesicles

Answer Explanation

Endocytosis is a process by which cells absorb larger molecules or even tiny organisms, such as bacteria, that would not be able to pass through the plasma membrane. Endocytic vesicles containing molecules from the extracellular environment often undergo further processing once they enter the cell.
Q #2: Where is the scapula in relation to the olecranon?

A. Distal

B. Lateral

C. Ventral

D. Superior

Answer Explanation

The scapula, commonly known as the shoulder blade, is above the olecranon, commonly known as the elbow. Conversely, the olecranon is distal or inferior to the scapula.
Q #3: Which of these does NOT match the nitrogenous base to the nucleobase?

A. Purine: Adenine

B. Purine: Thymine

C. Pyrimidine: Uracil

D. Pyrimidine: Cytosine

Answer Explanation

There are two types of nitrogenous bases: purine and pyrimidine bases. Purine bases have two rings in their structure and consist of adenine and guanine. Pyrimidine bases only have one ring in their structure and consist of thymine and cytosine (DNA) and uracil and cytosine (RNA). Therefore, the correct answer is B since thymine is a pyrimidine.
Q #4: Where is the gastrocnemius vein in relation to the femoral vein?

A. Lateral

B. Distal

C. Superior

D. Ventral

Answer Explanation

The gastrocnemius vein is found in the calf. The femoral vein is found in the proximal anterior thighs/pelvis.

Since the gastrocnemius vein is found below the femoral vein it is distal or inferior to the femoral vessel.
Q #5: Which section of the digestive system is responsible for receiving chyme and further digesting it?

A. The large intestine

B. The duodenum

C. The jejunum

D. The gallbladder

Answer Explanation

The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine. It receives partially digested food (also called chyme) from the stomach, further digesting it with the help of enzymes released by the gall bladder. Then, the food enters into the jejunum, then the ileum. The large Intestine's main function is the reabsorption of water into the body to form solid waste. It also allows for the absorption of vitamin K produced by microbes living inside the large intestine.
Q #6: A group of researchers have conducted a study examining the impact of a new medication on blood pressure. What is the purpose of submitting the study for publication in a peer-reviewed journal?

A. Other scientists can validate or disprove the findings.

B. Publication in a peer-reviewed journal will guarantee acceptance of the study's conclusions.

C. Publication in a peer-reviewed journal is unnecessary for this type of study.

D. Publication in a peer-reviewed journal will lead to the manipulation of the study's results.

Answer Explanation

Other scientists can validate or disprove the findings.

The purpose of submitting a study for publication in a peer-reviewed journal is to have the study’s methodology, results, and conclusions evaluated by other experts in the field.

This process helps to ensure the quality and validity of the research. Choice B.

Publication in a peer-reviewed journal will guarantee acceptance of the study’s conclusions is incorrect because publication in a peer-reviewed journal does not guarantee acceptance of the study’s conclusions.

The study’s findings may still be subject to debate and further research. Choice C.

Publication in a peer-reviewed journal is unnecessary for this type of study is incorrect because publication in a peer-reviewed journal is an important step in the scientific process for all types of studies.

Choice D.

Publication in a peer-reviewed journal will lead to the manipulation of the study’s results is incorrect because the peer-review process is designed to prevent manipulation of results by ensuring that the study meets rigorous standards for quality and validity.
Q #7: How many different types of nucleotides are there in DNA?

A. One

B. Two

C. Four

D. Eight

Answer Explanation

There are four different nucleotides in DNA. Nucleotides are monomers of nucleic acids, composed of five- carbon sugars, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides make up both DNA and RNA. They are essential for the recording of an organism's genetic information, which guides the actions of the various cells of the body.
Q #8: What is the typical way a solid would turn to a liquid and then to a gas?

A. Vaporizing, then melting

B. Melting, then freezing

C. Vaporizing, then freezing

D. Melting, then vaporizing

Answer Explanation

A solid turns into a liquid by melting, and a liquid turns into gas by vaporization.
Q #9: Which is NOT a type of protein?

A. Fibrous

B. Membrane

C. Globular

D. Unsaturated

Answer Explanation

There are three types of proteins: fibrous, membrane, and globular. Fibrous or structural proteins consist of collagen, elastin, and keratin. Membrane proteins are interactive and anchored to a membrane. Globular proteins consist of functional proteins like enzymes, hemoglobin, and insulin.

Therefore unsaturated is the correct answer.
Q #10: Which of the following anatomical terms is NOT part of the knee?

A. Medial collateral ligament

B. Patella

C. Lateral malleolus

D. Lateral meniscus

Answer Explanation

The term "lateral malleolus" refers to the bony prominence on the outer side of the ankle.

It is part of the ankle joint, not the knee joint. The other options, such as the medial collateral ligament, patella, and lateral meniscus, are all associated with the knee joint.

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