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If no carbohydrate ingestion occurs in the body during a 24-hour period, liver activity provides for the body's needs by

A. emulsification

B. manufacturing more bile

C. converting glycogen into glucose

D. releasing iron

Answer Explanation:

C) converting glycogen into glucose

- Correct: When no carbohydrate ingestion occurs in the body during a 24-hour period, the liver can provide for the body's glucose needs by converting stored glycogen into glucose through a process known as glycogenolysis. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles. When blood glucose levels decrease, such as during fasting or low carbohydrate intake, the liver breaks down glycogen into glucose molecules, which are then released into the bloodstream to maintain blood glucose levels and provide energy to cells throughout the body.

A) emulsification

- Incorrect: Emulsification is a process by which bile breaks down large fat globules into smaller droplets to aid in fat digestion in the small intestine. It is not related to the liver's role in glucose metabolism.

B) manufacturing more bile

- Incorrect: The liver produces bile continuously, regardless of carbohydrate ingestion. While the liver's production of bile is important for fat digestion and absorption, it is not directly related to glucose metabolism.

D) releasing iron

- Incorrect: The liver is involved in storing and regulating iron levels in the body, but releasing iron is not directly related to providing for the body's glucose needs in the absence of carbohydrate ingestion.

Therefore, the Correct Answer is C.

Q #1: Which process is represented by the diagram below?

A. emulsification

B. excretion

C. absorption

D. peristalsis

Answer Explanation

Emulsification is a process by which large fat globules are broken down into smaller droplets. This process is facilitated by substances called emulsifiers, with bile being one of the most common emulsifiers in the human body.
Q #2: Which two organ systems provide materials required for the human body to produce ATP?

A. reproductive and excretory

B. digestive and respiratory

C. respiratory and immune

D. digestive and reproductive

Answer Explanation

The digestive system provides materials in the form of nutrients from food, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. These nutrients are broken down during digestion and absorbed into the bloodstream.

The respiratory system provides oxygen, which is necessary for cellular respiration, the process by which ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced in cells. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and diffuses into the bloodstream to be transported to cells throughout the body.
Q #3: Into which parts of the human digestive system are digestive enzymes secreted?

A. mouth, esophagus, stomach

B. stomach, small intestine, large intestine

C. mouth, stomach, small intestine

D. esophagus, stomach, large intestine

Answer Explanation

A) Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach: This option is incorrect because while saliva in the mouth does contain digestive enzymes (such as amylase for breaking down carbohydrates), the esophagus is not a site of enzyme secretion. The stomach secretes gastric juices which primarily contain hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen (which is converted to pepsin, a protein-digesting enzyme), but the esophagus itself does not secrete digestive enzymes.

B) Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine: This option is incorrect because while both the small intestine and the large intestine play crucial roles in digestion and absorption, enzyme secretion mainly occurs in the stomach and small intestine. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and salts and does not secrete digestive enzymes.

C) Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine: This option is correct. Enzymes are secreted in the mouth (amylase), stomach (pepsin for protein digestion), and small intestine (various enzymes including pancreatic enzymes like lipase, protease, and amylase, as well as enzymes produced by the intestinal lining).

D) Esophagus, Stomach, Large Intestine: This option is incorrect because while the stomach does secrete digestive enzymes, the esophagus and large intestine do not. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and salts and does not secrete digestive enzymes.

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