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The sequence of amino acids in a gene determines

A. the primary structure of a codon

B. the primary structure of a protein

C. the primary structure of a nucleotide

D. the primary structure of a nucleic acid.

Answer Explanation:

The sequence of amino acids in a gene determines the primary structure of a protein. The components necessary for translation are located in the cytoplasm. Translation is the making of proteins by mRNA binding to a ribosome with the start codon that initiates the production of amino acids. A peptide bond forms and connects the amino acids together. The sequence of amino acids determines the protein’s structure, which determines its function.

Therefore, the Correct Answer is B.

Q #1: Why did it take many years for the cell theory to be developed?

A. Advancements in microscopy took place slowly.

B. Cells were difficult to isolate for experimental analysis

C. Researchers believed a cell formed from preexisting cells

D. Scientists already proved that cells were essential for life.
Answer Explanation

Robert Hooke discovered the first cells in the mid-eighteenth century. The cell theory is a theory because it is supported by a significant number of experimental findings. The cell theory took many years to be developed because microscopes were not powerful enough to make such observations.

This theory, or in-depth explanation, about cells consists of three parts:
- All living things are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells are alive and represent the basic unit of life.
- All cells are produced from pre-existing cells.
Q #2: During the aging process, not all hormone levels decrease; some actually increase. Which of the following is a hormone that may increase as a person ages?

A. Cortisol

B. Insulin

C. Luteinizing

D. Thyroid
Answer Explanation

The aging process affects hormone activity in one of three ways: their secretion can decrease, remain unchanged, or increase.

Hormones that decrease secretion include the following:
- Estrogen (in women)
- Testosterone (in men)
- Growth hormone
- Melatonin
In women, the decline in estrogen levels leads to menopause. In men, testosterone levels usually decrease gradually. Decreased levels of growth hormone may lead to decreased muscle mass and strength. Decreased melatonin levels may play an important role in the loss of normal sleep-wake cycles (circadian rhythms) with aging.

Hormones that usually remain unchanged or slightly decrease include the following:
- Cortisol
- Insulin
- Thyroid hormones
Hormones that may increase secretions levels include the following:

Parathyroid hormone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine, in the very old
Q #3: Which example is part of the scientific method?

A. A student reads about a new way to harness energy from the sun.

B. A researcher studies the effects of car exhaust on how people breathe.

C. A researcher analyzes how many plants respond well to a new fertilizer

D. A student discovers how insulin plays a role in the development of diabetes
Answer Explanation

One step of the scientific method is to analyze information or data collected from the experiment to conclude whether the hypothesis is supported.

Recall that these make up the scientific method, described below:
- Problem: The question created because of an observation. Example: Does the size of a plastic object affect how fast it naturally degrades in a lake?
- Research: Reliable information available about what is observed. Example: Learn how plastics are made and understand the properties of a lake.
- Hypothesis: A predicted solution to the question or problem. Example: If the plastic material is small, then it will degrade faster than a large particle.
- Experiment: A series of tests used to evaluate the hypothesis. Experiments consist of an independent variable that the researcher modifies and a dependent variable that changes due to the independent variable. They also include a control group used as a standard to make comparisons.
  - Example: Collect plastic particles both onshore and offshore of the lake over time. Determine the size of the particles and describe the lake conditions during this time period.
- Observe: Analyze data collected during an experiment to observe patterns.
  - Example: Analyze the differences between the numbers of particles collected in terms of size.
- Conclusion: State whether the hypothesis is rejected or accepted and summarize all results.
- Communicate: Report findings so others can replicate and verify the results.

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